Through the wonders of the Internet, a quote from an article written by James McWilliams for The Atlantic happened to catch my eye today: "Although culinary abstinence might sound downright depressing, if not sanctimonious in its own way, it's actually profoundly empowering...". Interestingly enough, the piece is from March 1st, just before Lenten season got under way. For many, Lent means a time of fasting, sacrifice, and abstinence-mostly in terms of food. As McWilliams alludes to in the abovementioned quote, abstinence and sacrifice are concepts typically given a negative connotation. However, there are many aspects of these terms that aren't as bad as they seem.
The object of fasting and abstinence isn't deprivation for it's own sake-it is to bring a balance to one's lifestyle. According to McWilliams, "for most people food is just food", which is a concept lost on "foodies", whom he depicts as seeing food as more than what it is. Looking from a different perspective, food is BOTH "just food" as well as something beyond. It not only sustains our bodies, but reflect how people live. In many respects, one's personal life and culture can be summed up on a plate. How people prepare food and what they prepare is influenced by their personal and cultural background. Case in point: pizza:-what began as a tradition brought from Italian immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries has become, to use the old cliche, "As American as Apple Pie". It thus is not only food, but a mini history lesson on the impact of Italians in American culture. Many other examples abound that go without saying. While it's importantant to appreciate the value of food, that appreciation must be tempered with a more practical perspective.
Food is sustenance. It also speaks to where our priorities lie. As my father used to ask me when I was younger, "Do you eat to live or live to eat"? The problem lies when one leans towards one side or the other. That's where fasting and abstinence comes in. In limiting the amount of food taken in and staying away from certian foods for a specific period of time, one gains a new appreciation for the other aspects of life, such as the plight of those less well of than oneself or one's connection with their family and friends. Most importantly, it teaches us about self-control, a value that permeates all areas of human existence. This is the "empowering" that McWilliams alludes to and what Lent hopes to achieve.
It's very easy to think of food as "just food". However, food also speaks to the comprehensive nature of biology, emotion, culture, and spirit in human existence. While it is ok to enjoy food, it is in limiting its intake through fasting and abstinence where the importance of banance in life is truly learned.
Resource:
James McWilliams, "B.R. Myers and the Myth of 'Sustainable' Food" http://www.theatlantic.com/life/archive/2011/03/b-r-myers-and-the-myth-of-sustainable-food/71894/
Saturday, March 12, 2011
Monday, January 17, 2011
Thrivals and Dr. King's Dream
Unfortunately, I was too lazy to participate in my local Martin Luther King Day celebration like I wanted to. However, as of late, the concept of "thrivals" in relation to Dr. King's dream have been on my mind. In contribution to acknowledging this day, here's a thought I wanted to share: In looking at Dr. King's views, I see similarities with the principles behind "thrivals". Even more so, I see a responsibility for thrivals to carry on Dr. King's legacy.
By now you're probably wondering who are thrivals. Janelle Monae puts it best by describing them as people who "don't see race and gender as an obstacle" to their goals (Dr. Nat Irvin II, the man behind the term, elaborates on the subject here: http://www.mba.wfu.edu/download.aspx?id=351). As the many boundaries that have divided us as a nation and world decrease in significance, it's becoming increasingly inportant-if not necessary-to have a willingness to work with people of diverse backgrounds for the ultimate good. With such an understanding, as one of my friends recently tweeted, "thrivals will change the world".
So what does this have to do with Dr. King's dream? As he says in the speech, "...we cannot walk alone". This is especially true in our current society. In many ways, the issue of who gets affected by various policies, technologies, and innovations is becoming less affected by race, gender, and nationality. Addressing the problems that accompany this reality requires the recognition that, to quote King's speech again: "freedom...is inexorably linked".
Yes, there are many examples of division throughout the U.S. and the world. However, on the whole, there are more features of contemporary civilization that are bringing us together than separating us. This doesn't negate issues of racism and other forms of discrimination as a thing of the past to be disregarded. They are the impetus in creating a better future. Dr. King recognized that in his lifetime, and thrivals recongize it now. It is thus crucial for thrivals to continue his legacy.
This is achieved, in all actuality, by thrivals being themselves. By becoming engaged in diverse arenas of study and profession, thrivals embody the future King envisioned in which people were "judged by the content of their character. Also key is informing others about the thrival philosophy. As the word spreads, the easier it is to create change.
Given we're in a new year, this is the perfect opportunity to consider ways in which to impact society for the better. As we all know, there's still work to be done. Considering the similarity between Dr. King's ideals and that of thrivals, thrivals are in a unique position to take on this challenge.
By now you're probably wondering who are thrivals. Janelle Monae puts it best by describing them as people who "don't see race and gender as an obstacle" to their goals (Dr. Nat Irvin II, the man behind the term, elaborates on the subject here: http://www.mba.wfu.edu/download.aspx?id=351). As the many boundaries that have divided us as a nation and world decrease in significance, it's becoming increasingly inportant-if not necessary-to have a willingness to work with people of diverse backgrounds for the ultimate good. With such an understanding, as one of my friends recently tweeted, "thrivals will change the world".
So what does this have to do with Dr. King's dream? As he says in the speech, "...we cannot walk alone". This is especially true in our current society. In many ways, the issue of who gets affected by various policies, technologies, and innovations is becoming less affected by race, gender, and nationality. Addressing the problems that accompany this reality requires the recognition that, to quote King's speech again: "freedom...is inexorably linked".
Yes, there are many examples of division throughout the U.S. and the world. However, on the whole, there are more features of contemporary civilization that are bringing us together than separating us. This doesn't negate issues of racism and other forms of discrimination as a thing of the past to be disregarded. They are the impetus in creating a better future. Dr. King recognized that in his lifetime, and thrivals recongize it now. It is thus crucial for thrivals to continue his legacy.
This is achieved, in all actuality, by thrivals being themselves. By becoming engaged in diverse arenas of study and profession, thrivals embody the future King envisioned in which people were "judged by the content of their character. Also key is informing others about the thrival philosophy. As the word spreads, the easier it is to create change.
Given we're in a new year, this is the perfect opportunity to consider ways in which to impact society for the better. As we all know, there's still work to be done. Considering the similarity between Dr. King's ideals and that of thrivals, thrivals are in a unique position to take on this challenge.
Saturday, January 15, 2011
The Feeling Addict
Among the many things that have been on my mind recently has been the idea that people can be addicted to feelings in the same fashion as drugs, food, alcohol, etc. In observing current trends in our culture, especially in terms of behavior (a prime example being that of politicians and pundits), it seems like people have a need to feel some kind of way on a level deserving of its own Intervention episode. The result of feeding into such needs, can be akin to the worst junkie stories imaginable.
These feeling addictions can be put into two categories-addiction to positivity and addiction to negativity. At its worst, the positivity addict can be blinded to actual problems that need to be addressed. This can basically be illustrated by many with the "Polyanna" mentality. We've all been around at least one person like that. On the other end of the spectrum is the negativity addict, always in need to feel anger, hatred, or see the bad side of everything. Case in point-most of the pundits of a certain cable news network named after an animal. This too results in disasterous consequences-namely stagnation in life, strife, and even violence. The common thread is that the overwhelming drive adapts the addict to the situation that they're in, leading to fear of any type of change.
Recent decades have seen an increase in people talking about how they feel. Feelings, after all, are part of what makes us human. However, there's a difference between feeling and NEEDING to feel. The question becomes, then, "Do I feel this way at this particular moment because I actually feel this way or do I feel this way because it makes me comfortable?". Ask yourself that sometime.
In many instances, it's necessary to get to the matter at hand, as opposed to focusing on how you feel about it.
These feeling addictions can be put into two categories-addiction to positivity and addiction to negativity. At its worst, the positivity addict can be blinded to actual problems that need to be addressed. This can basically be illustrated by many with the "Polyanna" mentality. We've all been around at least one person like that. On the other end of the spectrum is the negativity addict, always in need to feel anger, hatred, or see the bad side of everything. Case in point-most of the pundits of a certain cable news network named after an animal. This too results in disasterous consequences-namely stagnation in life, strife, and even violence. The common thread is that the overwhelming drive adapts the addict to the situation that they're in, leading to fear of any type of change.
Recent decades have seen an increase in people talking about how they feel. Feelings, after all, are part of what makes us human. However, there's a difference between feeling and NEEDING to feel. The question becomes, then, "Do I feel this way at this particular moment because I actually feel this way or do I feel this way because it makes me comfortable?". Ask yourself that sometime.
In many instances, it's necessary to get to the matter at hand, as opposed to focusing on how you feel about it.
Saturday, January 1, 2011
On Happiness and Choice
Let me begin this entry by noting the serendipitous nature of how various quotes or sayings come together to speak to a larger theme in life. In this case, it is the role of choice in happiness and its meaning. It began with a tweet I came across today (well, not exactly came across, but that's another story):
"wishing you more chances to chose(sp) happiness. You deserve it. We all do.:-)"
This tweet resonated with me for a multitude of reasons, including the fact that it made me think about what it meant to choose happiness and being deserving of happiness. With that, another quote stood out
to me in the midst of contemplation:
"...the secret of happiness lies in renouncing the right to be happy"
The abovementioned is from The Revolt of the Elites by Christopher Lasch. Though he makes the quote in the context of religion, it is very much salient to life as a whole. No matter what anyone's definition of happiness is, it can be agreed that things happen in life that evoke feelings of happiness or unhappiness. In illustrating the act of renunciation as part of being happy, Lacsh indicates that happiness involves choice. The same concept is more plainly stated in the aforementioned tweet. Considering the fact that much-if not all-of human existence is about choices, no area of life is exempt from making decisions. The question then becomes, what exactly is meant by choosing happiness?
As suggested by both the tweet and the book quote, it is using your creative abilities to foster a state of happiness. The individual, in these instances, utilizes their free will in how they react to life circumstances. This, it can be argued, has led to a sense of entitlement among people to be happy. Another question then arises: how can "deserving to be happy" be defined?
The tweet and the quote inherently acknowledge that life happens. They also allude to a significant aspect of reality-nothing in life is guaranteed. As Thomas a Kempis notes: "But never to feel any dsturbance at all, nor to suffer any grief of heart or body does not belong to this present life..". Therefore, it is in the letting go of the need for certainty in life and making use of the freedom that comes from it that we, as Lasch demonstrates, unlock "the secret of happiness". It is also here where that happiness becomes "deserved".
In sum, we have a substantial part to play in our happiness. It is fulfilled in our utilization of our free will and creative powers. As we recognize uncertainty as intrinsic to human existance and adjust ourselves accordingly that we find and, in turn, deserve, happiness.
May we bear this in mind as we wish each other a "Happy New Year"
"wishing you more chances to chose(sp) happiness. You deserve it. We all do.:-)"
This tweet resonated with me for a multitude of reasons, including the fact that it made me think about what it meant to choose happiness and being deserving of happiness. With that, another quote stood out
to me in the midst of contemplation:
"...the secret of happiness lies in renouncing the right to be happy"
The abovementioned is from The Revolt of the Elites by Christopher Lasch. Though he makes the quote in the context of religion, it is very much salient to life as a whole. No matter what anyone's definition of happiness is, it can be agreed that things happen in life that evoke feelings of happiness or unhappiness. In illustrating the act of renunciation as part of being happy, Lacsh indicates that happiness involves choice. The same concept is more plainly stated in the aforementioned tweet. Considering the fact that much-if not all-of human existence is about choices, no area of life is exempt from making decisions. The question then becomes, what exactly is meant by choosing happiness?
As suggested by both the tweet and the book quote, it is using your creative abilities to foster a state of happiness. The individual, in these instances, utilizes their free will in how they react to life circumstances. This, it can be argued, has led to a sense of entitlement among people to be happy. Another question then arises: how can "deserving to be happy" be defined?
The tweet and the quote inherently acknowledge that life happens. They also allude to a significant aspect of reality-nothing in life is guaranteed. As Thomas a Kempis notes: "But never to feel any dsturbance at all, nor to suffer any grief of heart or body does not belong to this present life..". Therefore, it is in the letting go of the need for certainty in life and making use of the freedom that comes from it that we, as Lasch demonstrates, unlock "the secret of happiness". It is also here where that happiness becomes "deserved".
In sum, we have a substantial part to play in our happiness. It is fulfilled in our utilization of our free will and creative powers. As we recognize uncertainty as intrinsic to human existance and adjust ourselves accordingly that we find and, in turn, deserve, happiness.
May we bear this in mind as we wish each other a "Happy New Year"
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Seeing Yourself in Others
The past few days had me unsure as to whether or not to write this entry. Bits and pieces of what to write popped into my mind, but not a full work that was post-worthy. However, in light of recent events occuring on the social media sphere, some more thoughts came together that seem timely:
In his Feast of the Holy Family homily at my church a few days ago, Bishop Quinn (former auxiliary bishop of Detroit) described the Christmas gift he recieved from his father on his 17th birthday. It was a letter. In it, the father described the joy he felt in seeing himself in his son as he held him in his arms as a baby. Bishiop Quinn tied this story into the theme of seeing yourself in others-in this case, in the context of family life. However, this theme can be seen as universal. We all must see some aspect of ourselves in not just our families, but our loved ones and everyone we meet.
This doesn't mean seeing yourself in another person in a selfish way. It's seeing the dignity you have as a human being as also being in someone else. It's also seeing your joys and sufferings as being shared with all people given our shared humanity. Everyone may not have the same background, position, or life circumstances, seeing yourself in others recognizes that everyone has the capacity to experience them in similar manners. You may not have gone through the same experience as another person, but the capacity is in you to deal with it in the same manner as that other person. Conversely, the same is true.
Everyone is an individual. Everyone has something about them that sets them apart from everyone else. However, the things that make make people unique are the same things that binds us as human beings. This is key in seeing yourself in others among all the aforementioned descriptions of this concept.
Seeing yourself in others, then, is ultimately not solely about you, but about you along with everyone on this earth. The next time you interact with someone, envision yourself as that person. When you look in the mirror, envision someone else as you. It may make all the difference in how you relate to yourself and everyone around you.
In his Feast of the Holy Family homily at my church a few days ago, Bishop Quinn (former auxiliary bishop of Detroit) described the Christmas gift he recieved from his father on his 17th birthday. It was a letter. In it, the father described the joy he felt in seeing himself in his son as he held him in his arms as a baby. Bishiop Quinn tied this story into the theme of seeing yourself in others-in this case, in the context of family life. However, this theme can be seen as universal. We all must see some aspect of ourselves in not just our families, but our loved ones and everyone we meet.
This doesn't mean seeing yourself in another person in a selfish way. It's seeing the dignity you have as a human being as also being in someone else. It's also seeing your joys and sufferings as being shared with all people given our shared humanity. Everyone may not have the same background, position, or life circumstances, seeing yourself in others recognizes that everyone has the capacity to experience them in similar manners. You may not have gone through the same experience as another person, but the capacity is in you to deal with it in the same manner as that other person. Conversely, the same is true.
Everyone is an individual. Everyone has something about them that sets them apart from everyone else. However, the things that make make people unique are the same things that binds us as human beings. This is key in seeing yourself in others among all the aforementioned descriptions of this concept.
Seeing yourself in others, then, is ultimately not solely about you, but about you along with everyone on this earth. The next time you interact with someone, envision yourself as that person. When you look in the mirror, envision someone else as you. It may make all the difference in how you relate to yourself and everyone around you.
Monday, December 27, 2010
The Tale of Rita Barbour
7:50 am-Droid Control Tribunal, Metropolis.
She she ran up the stone stairs to employee entrance in the back of the building. Fumbling through her storage unit, she pulled out her work and apartment keys and comm-link and placed them on the table next to the x-ray scanner. "I swear Rita, you keep up holding up this line I'll have to make a memo to watch out for you", joked Martin, the security officer. "Ok, ok, I'll have my things ready before I get in line tomorrow", she joked back. Walking down the hallway, she already felt her energy core fading a little. "Well, at least I'm not in the junk heap", she thought. With five minutes to spare, she pressed the her right temple button, revealing her human look. Today, its a black sweater with crisp white pants and heels. Her red hair was in a ballerina-style bun. "Ok, let's get started", she said under her breath. The door opens to the immense public lobby entrance. She takes her place by the service windows. "Hello, and welcome to the Star Commission Tribunal. Please have your IDs and any e-scrolls relevant to your case ready in order for us to assist you".
9:00 a.m.
"I can't wait to get back to Neon Valley Street", Rita thought. "Wondaland would be even better". As she was picking up the next e-record to place on the file case, the office com-link lit. "E-Records Room, Rita Barbour speaking". "We will need file #473 brought to the 5th floor tribunal chambers immediately" said the voice on the other end of the line. "Sure thing", Rita replied. She descended the stool she was standing on and made her way to farthest file-case in the back of the room. Files for the most serious offenses were stored there. Luckily for Rita, the requested file was at eye level. As she made her way to the elevator, she glanced down at the e-record in her hands.
#57821-Cindy Mayweather
CHARGE-FELONY
"This can't be THE Cindi Mayweather, can it?", she wondered. "I can't picture her doing anything wrong, much less anything that could get you disassembled". The bell rings. The thick metal doors slide open. Once arriving at the tribunal chamber rear door, Rita gives the case to the clerk and returns to her station, thinking about the stack of records waiting for her.
No sooner did she get back the comm-link light up again. It was 5th floor tribunal chamber. "Rita, we need you to pick up the file you just delivered to us. We're done with it. The case is closed, so put it in the proper area". "I'll be there", she replied. She waited to look at the e-record again once the chamber door closed. This time, large red letters were flashing on the screen:
JUDGMENT: GUILTY
SENTENCE-DISASSEMBLY
TO BE CARRIED OUT IMMEDIATELY
"Oh, maker, no", uttered Rita in a muted tone. The rest of the day found her struggling to concentrate on her duties. She filed and delivered many cases during her time at the Tribunal, but something was different about this one. She felt she had hand in the condemnation of the most well-known figures in Metropolis-an innocent figure.
On her way home, the plaza mega screen caught her eye. It was a repeat announcement from earlier in the day: "Gooooooood Morning Cyboys and Cybergirls. I am happy to announce that we have a star-crossed winner in today's heartbreak sweepstakes..."
The rest of the words hit like the mallets used to assemble her. She rushed to her Leopard Plaza apartment with an eagerness she never felt before. "There's gotta be something I can do", she thought. The elevator door opens. Rita walks in. She presses the button.
4th floor...
She she ran up the stone stairs to employee entrance in the back of the building. Fumbling through her storage unit, she pulled out her work and apartment keys and comm-link and placed them on the table next to the x-ray scanner. "I swear Rita, you keep up holding up this line I'll have to make a memo to watch out for you", joked Martin, the security officer. "Ok, ok, I'll have my things ready before I get in line tomorrow", she joked back. Walking down the hallway, she already felt her energy core fading a little. "Well, at least I'm not in the junk heap", she thought. With five minutes to spare, she pressed the her right temple button, revealing her human look. Today, its a black sweater with crisp white pants and heels. Her red hair was in a ballerina-style bun. "Ok, let's get started", she said under her breath. The door opens to the immense public lobby entrance. She takes her place by the service windows. "Hello, and welcome to the Star Commission Tribunal. Please have your IDs and any e-scrolls relevant to your case ready in order for us to assist you".
9:00 a.m.
"I can't wait to get back to Neon Valley Street", Rita thought. "Wondaland would be even better". As she was picking up the next e-record to place on the file case, the office com-link lit. "E-Records Room, Rita Barbour speaking". "We will need file #473 brought to the 5th floor tribunal chambers immediately" said the voice on the other end of the line. "Sure thing", Rita replied. She descended the stool she was standing on and made her way to farthest file-case in the back of the room. Files for the most serious offenses were stored there. Luckily for Rita, the requested file was at eye level. As she made her way to the elevator, she glanced down at the e-record in her hands.
#57821-Cindy Mayweather
CHARGE-FELONY
"This can't be THE Cindi Mayweather, can it?", she wondered. "I can't picture her doing anything wrong, much less anything that could get you disassembled". The bell rings. The thick metal doors slide open. Once arriving at the tribunal chamber rear door, Rita gives the case to the clerk and returns to her station, thinking about the stack of records waiting for her.
No sooner did she get back the comm-link light up again. It was 5th floor tribunal chamber. "Rita, we need you to pick up the file you just delivered to us. We're done with it. The case is closed, so put it in the proper area". "I'll be there", she replied. She waited to look at the e-record again once the chamber door closed. This time, large red letters were flashing on the screen:
JUDGMENT: GUILTY
SENTENCE-DISASSEMBLY
TO BE CARRIED OUT IMMEDIATELY
"Oh, maker, no", uttered Rita in a muted tone. The rest of the day found her struggling to concentrate on her duties. She filed and delivered many cases during her time at the Tribunal, but something was different about this one. She felt she had hand in the condemnation of the most well-known figures in Metropolis-an innocent figure.
On her way home, the plaza mega screen caught her eye. It was a repeat announcement from earlier in the day: "Gooooooood Morning Cyboys and Cybergirls. I am happy to announce that we have a star-crossed winner in today's heartbreak sweepstakes..."
The rest of the words hit like the mallets used to assemble her. She rushed to her Leopard Plaza apartment with an eagerness she never felt before. "There's gotta be something I can do", she thought. The elevator door opens. Rita walks in. She presses the button.
4th floor...
Growing Down, Growing Up
There is a line in a song by my favorite singer (who shall remain nameless since it can be figured out by any of my tweets or some of my statuses on Facebook) that talks about the concept of growing down and growing up. In one of her tweets, this singer expounded on what leads to these two states. To paraphrase: surrounding yourself with those who love you are the beginnings of growing up, feeding into ignorance are the beginnings are growing down.
To put a related spin on it, growing down could also mean self-doubt, low self-esteem, depression, and negative thinking. Growing up, then, is finding yourself, seeking the good for yourself and others in every circumstance, perseverance in trial, and understanding the true meaning of happiness, faith, hope, and love.
Granted, “growing down” and “growing up” aren’t easy conditions to get in. The key is, however, is recognizing which direction you’re going, which in itself is a part of growing up. This brings up another line from the same song:
“…you gotta ooh-ah-ah like a panther…”
As of the moment I’m writing this, I couldn’t find, for purposes of this note, any details on the vocalizations cats make and their significance in communicating. According to Microsoft Encarta (2001), however, cats growl when terrified. It notes that Darwin, one of the first scientists to observe emotion, understood this reaction to evolve from movements associated with fighting and over time became used in all threatening situations.
When “growing down”, it’s easy to get terrified-of change, of getting out of that state, of making the proper moves to “grow up” when you’re ready to make that change-the list can go on. The “growl” is thus a signal that change is needed. A natural reaction, it’s an indication that something’s wrong. If nature didn’t give animals such manners of communication, they’d be in even more danger. No signal of a problem means the appropriate reaction to the threat couldn’t be implemented. The same is true for humanity.
To “ooh-ah-ah like a panther”, then, is to recognize when you’re getting depressed, doubtful, or negative thoughts. It means acknowledging when you’re facing such issues. It’s also reaching out to those you trust in these instances. By no means is it a walk in the park. From the long-term, view, however, the momentary inconvenience of the “growing up” process outweigh the lasting effects of “growing down”.
References
Emotional display in dog and cat. (2001) In Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia[CD-Rom]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation
To put a related spin on it, growing down could also mean self-doubt, low self-esteem, depression, and negative thinking. Growing up, then, is finding yourself, seeking the good for yourself and others in every circumstance, perseverance in trial, and understanding the true meaning of happiness, faith, hope, and love.
Granted, “growing down” and “growing up” aren’t easy conditions to get in. The key is, however, is recognizing which direction you’re going, which in itself is a part of growing up. This brings up another line from the same song:
“…you gotta ooh-ah-ah like a panther…”
As of the moment I’m writing this, I couldn’t find, for purposes of this note, any details on the vocalizations cats make and their significance in communicating. According to Microsoft Encarta (2001), however, cats growl when terrified. It notes that Darwin, one of the first scientists to observe emotion, understood this reaction to evolve from movements associated with fighting and over time became used in all threatening situations.
When “growing down”, it’s easy to get terrified-of change, of getting out of that state, of making the proper moves to “grow up” when you’re ready to make that change-the list can go on. The “growl” is thus a signal that change is needed. A natural reaction, it’s an indication that something’s wrong. If nature didn’t give animals such manners of communication, they’d be in even more danger. No signal of a problem means the appropriate reaction to the threat couldn’t be implemented. The same is true for humanity.
To “ooh-ah-ah like a panther”, then, is to recognize when you’re getting depressed, doubtful, or negative thoughts. It means acknowledging when you’re facing such issues. It’s also reaching out to those you trust in these instances. By no means is it a walk in the park. From the long-term, view, however, the momentary inconvenience of the “growing up” process outweigh the lasting effects of “growing down”.
References
Emotional display in dog and cat. (2001) In Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia[CD-Rom]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation
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